Hydrogen has a high energy density and is good alternative for carbon-based fuels. Eectrochemical Water splitting provides a green method for hydrogen production. Though Pt, RuO₂, and IrO₂ are excellent electrocatalysts for HER and OER, their costly and scarce hinder their application for water splitting. This review focuses advance in transition metal hydroxides for electrochemical water splitting, catalysts, mechanisms, and approach for improving the water splitting-kinetics.

Thermite reactions between metallic fuels and oxidizers are highly exothermic and self-propagating, making them useful for applications ranging from pyrotechnics and devastation to thermal batteries, microactuators, and materials synthesis. Although aluminium-based thermites have been extensively studied, boron-based formulations deserve greater attention because boron offers superior volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, providing clear thermodynamic advantages. This paper surveys promising fuel candidates for thermitic compositions and reviews their potential roles in advanced energetic systems and high-energy materials technologies. It also evaluates the effects of nanoscale structuring on sensitivity and performance compared to micron-scale counterparts, and critically discusses the practical limitations and safety considerations associated with using nanoparticles in these contexts.